Data Integrity Attacks: How Cybercriminals Manipulate Rather Than Steal Your Info

You’re rushed to the hospital after a serious car accident. Doing her job, the admitting physician verifies your blood type prior to giving you a life-saving transfusion. But no one knows the hospital’s medical records have been hacked — but not stolen. In this case, your records have been changed, reflecting a blood type that if transfused, would likely kill or seriously harm you. Welcome to the age of data manipulation.

Manipulating data is the latest trend in cybercrime, and it’s on the rise. The most recent study by Ponemon Institute and Accenture warned that attacking data integrity is the “next frontier.” To understand how we got to this point, we need to take a look at the evolution of cybercrime over the past two decades and how hackers seek a variety of hacking outcomes.

An approximate cybercrime timeline

Early on, cybercriminals were mostly looking to restrict access to your data availability, using malware to launch Denial of Service attacks, where legitimate users are kept from accessing a network, information or devices. Their motivation was twofold: to test their hacking tools for larger campaigns and to disrupt business operations of predetermined targets. 

Next, hackers expanded their exploits to steal data out of large databases — such as the Equifax breach that compromised the personal information of 143 million Americans — and sell it for a profit on the dark web. The cybercriminals’ primary motivation was good old fashioned greed. 

Simultaneously, cybercrime expanded into espionage, using malware and other methods to obtain secret files from U.S. defense contractors, including plans for the F-35 jet from Lockheed Martin. 

Then came cyberextortion, like when Sony Pictures was hacked just before it released the anti–Kim Jong-un movie, “The Interview.” At the time, the FBI said North Korea was responsible for the attack, but five years later questions about the perpetrators and motives remain, which just goes to show how hard it is to identify cybercriminals. 

On the heels of cyberextortion came disinformation and influence campaigns, like those used with Brexit and the 2016 U.S. presidential election. 

The point of this brief history lesson is to demonstrate how quickly sinister actors migrate time-tested tools of crime (fraud, extortion, disinformation, etc.) into cyberspace.

Data manipulation is mostly unique to cyberspace

The old fashioned alteration of checks, IDs and airplane tickets aside, data manipulation is a crime that grew exponentially in cyberspace. Former U.S. Cyber Command and NSA head admiral Michael Rogers said his worst-case attack scenario would involve data manipulation “on a massive scale.” 

Despite Rogers’ warning, the U.S. government continues to drag its feet on combating cybercrime, including data manipulation, which is now being discovered only after the fact by security teams. And I’m expecting that data alteration attacks will quickly become one of the most pernicious and undetectable threats for nation-states and corporations around the world. 

To expand on my previous example, it’s no longer just your blood type at risk. It’s the blood type, address and information on the family members of every soldier, spy and diplomat serving the United States. The potential to inflict great harm is enormous.  

Cybercrime is like a virus altering your DNA

Data manipulation is unique among cybercrimes because it’s not about taking the information — it’s about altering the data. The information generally never leaves the owner’s servers, so the criminal raises no red flags that something is amiss. This makes it much harder to catch, and it can be much more destructive. Think maliciously altering flight plans with air traffic controllers, altering bank account balances, or appending your criminal record with fictitious arrests. 

Think of data manipulation as a virus that invades the body and alters its fundamental DNA. The damage is done quietly, and you may never know it happened.

The integrity of our data is at stake

In 2017, a Michigan man hacked the IT system of the Washtenaw County Jail and altered the release date of a friend who was serving a sentence there. The hacker used a social engineering campaign to trick workers at the jail into downloading malware on their computers and was then able to access and change the data. Luckily, staff noticed something was amiss and used paper records to verify the sentence But the scheme cost Washtenaw more than $230,000, and the criminal got access to the personal information of over 1,600 people.

Getting a friend out of jail is one creative use of data manipulation, but there are far more nefarious uses, such as altering operating procedures on nuclear facility instruction manuals, modifying software code in driverless vehicles, and changing the temperature threshold on refrigeration equipment or power turbines. And of course, as we’ve already experienced, altering votes or voter eligibility.

The stock market is another place that’s ripe for data manipulation. As the Wall Street Journal reported last year, 85% of stock market trades happen “on autopilot — controlled by machines, models, or passive investing formulas.” Consequently, if the underlying data that feeds the algorithms is altered by hackers, it could create widespread chaos in the markets and ultimately destabilize the global economy.

The biggest threat may be to the healthcare industry, which has become a prime target in ransomware attacks, and where the effects of data manipulation can be deadly. To underscore this point, researchers in Israel created malware that can add realistic but fake malignant growths to CT or MRI scans before they’re reviewed by doctors or radiologists. Likewise, the malware can remove cancerous nodules or lesions from patients’ scans. 

In April, The Washington Post reported on the malware and revealed that a blind study conducted by researchers at Ben-Gurion University Cyber Security Research Center had devastating results. “In the case of scans with fabricated cancerous nodules, the radiologists diagnosed cancer 99 percent of the time. In cases where the malware removed real cancerous nodules from scans, the radiologists said those patients were healthy 94 percent of the time.”

When it comes to cybercrime, the best defense is a good offense

Because the defense of data integrity is in its early stages, there is very little that organizations can do to defend against manipulation once the cybercriminals have cracked into critical databases. Few organizations possess the tools to accurately detect and eliminate data manipulation, and those tools are more than a year away. 

In the meantime, your solution is to keep criminals out of your data in the first place, using the tools that I talk about in every one of my presentations. When it comes to data integrity, prevention beats recovery every time.

John Sileo is the founder and CEO of The Sileo Group, a cybersecurity think tank, in Lakewood, Colorado, and an award-winning author, keynote speaker and expert on data integrity, cybersecurity and tech/life balance.

The Unlikely Weapon in Cybersecurity: Going Analog

 

Rule #1: Technology is highly unpredictable when it’s new & untested. And even worse when it’s insecure.

All of us have learned not to count on Technology Version 1.0 in mission critical situations. But it seems that Iowa and Pennsylvania didn’t get the memo, which rendered their election results as untrustworthy. Iowa attempted to use a caucus tally app that had very few cybersecurity protections and hadn’t been adequately tested prior to caucus night. Combined with an earlier voting fiasco in Pennsylvania, it’s logical to conclude that the only way to ensure the integrity of our elections is to use paper ballots.

As if Iowa didn’t make it clear enough, a recent voting fiasco in Pennsylvania was a stark reminder that the only way to ensure the integrity of our elections is to use paper ballots, either as a primary means or in a backup role. In Northampton County, a glitch in the computer voting system resulted in some straight-line Democrat votes being recorded as straight-line Republican, and gave a statistically impossible victory to a Republican judicial candidate. Thanks to paper backups of the electronic ballots, election officials were able to do a manual recount and restore the actual election results (the Republican judicial candidate lost by a small margin). 

As The Washington Post reported, voters got lucky. The margin of victory for the Republican candidate was so massive that there was obviously something wrong, but what if the margin has been in the probable range? It’s likely the error would never have been uncovered. 

The Northampton County voting machines were recently purchased in response to last February’s state-wide mandate to adopt voting systems with paper back-ups before the 2020 elections. In making the move, Pennsylvania joined other states in upgrading or replacing voting systems following Russian interference in the 2016 election and warnings from “ethical hackers” that voting machines in the U.S. are vulnerable.

Recently, Colorado became the first state to ban barcodes for counting votes, opting instead for receipts that show darkened ovals identical to the ballot itself. Colorado is also one of a handful of states to aggressively emphasize mail-in ballots, both for convenience and security’s sake. These moves come amid growing concerns over election security following Russian interference in the 2016 election and warnings from “ethical hackers” that voting machines in the U.S. are vulnerable. 

Reintroducing selective physical and human elements into the technological supply chain is the best weapon we have to protect our elections from interference. But this strategy—going analog—shouldn’t be limited to voting machines; it needs to be implemented across the board in public and private enterprise.

In our zeal to embrace the digital revolution and the convenience of smart devices, we’ve sacrificed some security, not to mention privacy. It’s hard to name a product or service that isn’t networked, but connecting every known device to the internet doesn’t necessarily make us “smart.” It makes us vulnerable. From Siri and Alexa to our televisions, insulin pumps and even refrigerators, our lives are increasingly dominated by digital tech—which is not only sharing our data but can also be hacked and manipulated. 

In July, the Department of Homeland Security issued a security alert, warning that flight systems of small aircraft can be easily and quickly hacked by someone with physical access to the plane. And last month, hackers successfully sabotaged vital systems of an F-15 fighter jet during an Air Force-sanctioned experiment at Def Con. 

The Def Con operation represents an increasing willingness of government agencies to open their doors to ethical hackers in an effort to thwart rising cybercrime. In August, 22 Texas towns were hit by a coordinated attack, in which computer systems were taken over and held for ransom. And that was hardly an isolated incident; Baltimore, Riviera Beach and a host of cities were similarly hit. According to CBS, 50 of 70 U.S. ransomware attacks in the first half of the year targeted cities. 

Even more troubling, an April report by the Ponemon Institute, found that 90% of all critical infrastructure providers say their Information Technology (IT) and Operational Technology (OT) environments have been damaged by a cyberattack in the last two years, and 62% experienced two or more attacks. Operational technology is what runs the physical systems behind our planes, trains, ships, traffic systems and power grid—so the stakes have skyrocketed from lost data to lost lives.

As cybercriminals ramp up attacks on Critical National Infrastructure (CNI), it’s vital that we innovate beyond increasingly ineffective cybersecurity measures. Thanks to mobile devices, the Internet of Things and cloud computing, “securing the perimeter” is no longer achievable.

The fact is, once information or operational systems are digitized, they are vulnerable to attack by remote forces—including hostile nation states, organized crime and malicious competitors. In other words, when the only method of controlling a system is digital, hackers have a way to assume 100% control. Going analog—introducing human and physical “backstops”—provides our best defense against network-based remote control. 

For example, commercial and private aircraft should be equipped with an “override” analog system that allows the pilot to disconnect the plane in the event of an attack and control it manually. The same is true for gas and electric utilities, traffic systems, hospitals and maybe even corporate computer networks. 

The U.S. Navy was an early adopter of the human solution, bringing back celestial navigation training in 2015. The move to train recruits and officers in the ancient art of navigating by the stars was prompted in part by fears that the Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites could be shot down, or the system simply hacked or jammed. It was a prudent decision, given that cheap GPS jammers can easily be found online.

Meanwhile, that same year, the Ukranian power grid was digitally attacked by Russia—leaving 225,000 customers in the dark. Grid operators on the ground were able to physically override digital systems to get the power back on in a reasonable time. 

These two examples illustrate a key point: Just because systems or techniques were used in the “old days” or aren’t connected to the internet, doesn’t mean we should exclude them as part of the security equation. We haven’t given up seatbelts just because smart cars automatically brake to prevent a collision. We should apply that same “both/and” logic to cybersecurity: The solutions can and should be both technological and human, digital and physical, internet-connected and old school. 

That’s the thinking behind the Securing Energy Infrastructure Act (SEIA), introduced in the Senate in 2016 (following the Ukranian attack). 

The press release announcing the Senate’s passage of the SEIA earlier this summer stated that the act aims to remove vulnerabilities that could allow hackers digital access to the energy grid, and “replace automated systems with low-tech redundancies, like manual procedures controlled by human operators.” SEIA is currently being considered in the House as part of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020. If it passes, a two-year pilot program will be set up to identify vulnerabilities and test analog solutions. 

While the SEIA winds its way through Congress, the private sector is already implementing analog solutions. In my work with defense contractors, I’ve seen entire computer systems taken permanently offline to keep them out of reach of remote foreign actors (to avoid situations such as China’s theft of Lockheed Martin’s plans for the F-35 fighter jet). This technique, known as air-gapping is not perfect, but it does make digital espionage more difficult. Similarly, classified communications often take place face-to-face—even when it requires travel to meet in person—and I’ve been in highly confidential meetings where the chosen “recording” devices were a whiteboard, dry-erase markers and the human brain. 

Many corporations are limiting what data they digitize in the first place, selectively opting to archive paper documents and records with physical locks rather than risk a remote hack. I’ve worked with several food-industry clients that have taken their recipe for the “secret sauce” completely offline, choosing to protect their intellectual property using nondigital means. It’s exponentially harder to gain access into a confidential physical location—especially when access is limited to a small group of trusted users. 

Even small businesses can benefit by taking key systems offline overnight, when a majority of successful hack attempts take place. Imagine the lawyer, dentist or doctor that eliminates more than 50% of all hacking attempts simply by shutting down their internet connection before they leave the office. This doesn’t work if employees are working remotely or data backups take place overnight, but many smaller businesses go offline at closing time. 

I’m not saying that all data should be handled this way or that (God forbid) we return to rotary phones—in fact, I’m a believer in the positive power of big data and the smart use of technology to drive progress and innovation. However, in the absence of a 100% foolproof method of protecting the digital systems that we rely on—including those responsible for our safety and security—we need to add analog protection on a selective, well-planned basis.

True innovation isn’t just adopting the latest technology. It’s also knowing how to beat it.

About Cybersecurity Keynote Speaker John Sileo

John Sileo is the founder and CEO of The Sileo Group, a privacy and cybersecurity think tank, in Lakewood, Colorado, and an award-winning author, keynote speaker, and expert on technology, cybersecurity and tech/life balance.

Top Cybersecurity Trends 2020 & the Perils of Prediction

 

(i.e., Cybercriminals read the same articles as cybersecurity experts)

Oh how we love to predict the future. Who will win the next Super Bowl, Presidential Election, or Best in Show Pooch-a-thon following the Macy’s Day Parade? I’m frequently asked as a cybersecurity expert to peer into my somewhat cloudy crystal ball and give opinions on what cybersecurity trends the criminals have in store for us. It’s so common at this time of year that I’m thinking of setting up a Fantasy Hacker League to take advantage of our love of betting on things that haven’t yet happened. 

Ironically, cybercriminals read the same predictive articles that we do, but they take notes. And then, innovative as they are, run in the complete opposite direction. Here’s a peek into the cheeto-soaked (that’s a false stereotype by the way – these criminals have PHDs) and highly brilliant minds of organized cybercriminals: “If a CEO is reading this same predictive article on how bad Ransomware is going to be in 2020, and that advice serves as the basis for her decision to over-fund anti-ransomware countermeasures, I, smart hacker that I am, will trade my pick on Ransomware in 2020 and browse the “Insider Theft” section of the cybercrime-gamblers catalog.” 

Unlike football (or dog shows), where the outcome is not influenced by predictions, cyberthreats often become trends because no one has predicted them yet. And by the time they do, the smart criminals have moved onto something new. 

But this isn’t always true, and we still do need to prepare for what is coming, which is why, in the spirit of the season, I can predict with almost perfect accuracy, the Top Cybersecurity Trends for 2020 that will affect the average organization. 

Top Cybersecurity Trends 2020 – The average organization will CONTINUE to…

  • Treat cyber risk as an overwhelming tech puzzle rather than a solvable business issue
  • Fail to budget appropriate funds to train the humans that misuse the technology
  • Give hackers easy access to the crown jewels by allowing pet names as passwords (see graphic)
  • Shut down for weeks or pay the ransom due to system backups that “just won’t restore”
  • Spend inordinate amounts of cash to protect “all the data” instead of “the right data”
  • Lose more data to incompetence, human error and malicious insiders than to hackers
  • Live in a Fantasy League where “something like this” can’t happen to “someone like them”

Why can I predict these and other trends so accurately? Because they have been trending for the past ten years and show no signs of stopping. The good news is that everything in this list is eminently solvable if you dedicate the appropriate time, budget and leadership focus. While you are taking action on the above items, don’t forget to consider the Top 2020 Cybersecurity Trends, Part II.

Top Cybersecurity Trends 2020 (What You Were Actually Looking For)

The Internet of Things and Ransomware Will Get Married. Instead of just freezing an organizations’ computers, ransomware will burrow it’s way into WiFi-connected refrigerators, industrial control systems, operational sensors and monitors, pace-makers, emergency room equipment, traffic lights and anything connected to the internet. It will then freeze the operation of the device and ultimately will demand that you pay a sizeable ransom to (maybe) get your nuclear power plant back online. 

Leading Organizations Will Discover a Centuries-Old Cybersecurity Tool: Going Analog Once information or operational systems are digitized, they are vulnerable to attack by remote forces—including hostile nation states, organized crime and malicious competitors. In other words, when the only method of controlling a system is digital, hackers have a way to assume 100% control. Going analog—introducing human and physical “backstops” into your security supply chain—provides the best defense against network-based remote control takeover. We will see traditional analog systems (paper ballots) increase security in the 2020 Presidential Election, better protect the electric grid (manual on/off switches) and decrease the chance of hacked naval navigation (sextants). 

Data Manipulation Will Challenge Financial Gain For Top Cybercrime Honors 

Data manipulation is unique among cybercrimes because it’s not about taking the information — it’s about altering the data. The information generally never leaves the owner’s servers, so the criminal raises no red flags that something is amiss. This makes it much harder to catch, and it can be much more destructive. Think maliciously altering flight plans with air traffic controllers, altering bank account balances, or appending your criminal record with fictitious arrests. Every one of us takes data integrity for granted, except for cybercriminals, who will use that bias against us. Think of data manipulation as a virus that invades the body and alters its fundamental DNA. The damage is done quietly, and you may never know it happened.

A.I. Won’t Take Over the World, But it Will Follow Malicious Instructions Like a Robot

Right now, artificial intelligence is more human than we think. From my experience peering under the hood of AI-enabled technology like smart TVs, digital assistants and end-point cybersecurity products, I’m constantly amazed by how much human input and monitoring is necessary to make them “smart.” But that is changing as machine learning progresses. We tend to focus on AI taking over the world (thanks to the movies), but it’s not that we need to fear. It’s AI in the hands of would-be dictators and cybercriminals. Fathom, for a moment, Darth Vader, Hitler or a cyberterrorist in charge of an army of robots that always obey their leader’s command. As always, there is the positive side of the technology, and AI will be used to detect malicious attacks and defend the data on which our economy runs. 

To help you get ahead of these topics, I will be writing at length and speaking on all of the above trends (and more) in 2020. Please check back here often, or connect with me to get our latest news on Facebook, Twitter or YouTube. In the meantime, resist the trend to let fear paralyze you in taking action on cybersecurity.  

 

About Cybersecurity Keynote Speaker John Sileo

John Sileo is the founder and CEO of The Sileo Group, a cybersecurity think tank, in Lakewood, Colorado, and an award-winning author, keynote speaker and expert on intentional technology, cybersecurity and data privacy.

How to Turbocharge your Cybersecurity Awareness Training

Security awareness training can’t be a boring afterthought if it’s going to work. 

Own it. Secure it. Protect it. 

Those are the key themes for this year’s National Cybersecurity Awareness Month, coming up in October, and it’s good advice. Unfortunately, it’s the same message your trainees have been hearing for years and, at this point, they’ve largely tuned it out.

The challenge isn’t creating a pithy slogan. It’s turning advice into action and an enduring “culture of security.” At this point, cybersecurity is on the radar for most companies, and the smart ones make it a priority. To achieve their cybersecurity goals, many organizations implement security awareness training sessions, which seek to educate the rank and file on threats and how to thwart them. When done well, these initiatives can be a way to focus the entire organization — and can greatly reduce the risk of data breach, cyberextortion or damaging disinformation campaigns.

When not done well, you’ll be lucky if your team remembers the words cybersecurity awareness as they shuffle out the door — no doubt refreshed after scrolling through Facebook or watching the latest Taylor Swift video.

The problem is that many security programs are actually less than the sum of their parts for the simple reason that they don’t have an overarching end goal. Sure, the objective is to educate your team on emerging threats so your company is more secure, but that’s a nebulous goal. And because it’s a nebulous goal lacking tangible motivation, your team doesn’t buy in. 

That’s not to say they don’t care about the company’s security. Of course they do — but it’s not personal. 

Unfortunately, when it comes to cybersecurity in the corporate sector, the human element is usually overlooked. This is a mistake. I often hear companies refer to humans as the “weakest link” in cybersecurity, which of course becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy. Enlightened organizations understand that security is a highly effective competitive differentiator (think Apple) and that humans, when properly trained, are the strongest defense against cyberthreats. Consequently, an effective program must start by getting people — from the top down — invested in the goal and the process. 

I’ve been the opening keynote speaker for hundreds of security awareness programs around the world, many of them outside the bounds of National Cybersecurity Awareness Month, and most of them leave me hungering for more: More engagement, more interaction and more actionable information. In short, more substance. 

Here are a few tips for designing a cybersecurity awareness program that will engage your team and get results.

Ownership

Don’t focus on the CISO, CRO, CIO or CTO. That would just be preaching to the choir. The missing but crucial link in cybersecurity awareness programs tends to be a security “believer” from the executive team or board of directors. Successful programs are clearly led, repeatedly broadcast and constantly emphasized from the very top of the organization — with an attitude of authenticity and immediacy. Whether it’s your CEO at an annual gathering or a board member kicking off National Cybersecurity Awareness Month, your security champion must not only become an evangelist but also have the authority and budget to implement change.

Strategy

Approach your program strategically, and devise a plan to protect your intellectual property, critical data and return on information assets. You’re competing for resources, so build a compelling business case that demonstrates the organization’s ROI in business terms, not buried in technobabble. 

  • What did it cost your competitor when ransomware froze its operation for a week? (e.g., FedEx: $300 million)
  • How much would the training have cost to avoid the CEO whaling scheme that lost a similar-sized company millions of dollars? 
  • What do the directors of compliance, HR and IT have to add to the defense equation? 

The most successful cybersecurity awareness programs have a budget, a staff (however small) and cross-departmental support. Involve the business team and other stakeholders up front to leverage their expertise before rollout.

Methodology

Here’s a litmus test for the potential effectiveness of your security awareness program: Does it begin by focusing on the critical information assets and devices inside of your organization? If so, it’s probably doomed. Why? Because your employees are human beings, and they want to know how this affects them personally before they invest time to protect the organization’s coffers. 

Excellent security awareness kicks off by making data protection personal — building ownership before education. From there, the training must be engaging (dare I say fun?) and interactive (live social engineering) so your audience members pay attention and apply what they learn. Death-by-PowerPoint will put behavioral change to sleep permanently. Highly effective programs build a foundational security reflex (proactive skepticism) and are interesting enough to compete against cute puppy videos and our undying desire for a conference-room snooze.

Sustenance

Best practice security awareness training, like a five-course meal, doesn’t end with the appetizer. Yes, kickoff is best achieved with a high-energy, personally relevant, in-person presentation that communicates the emotional and financial consequences of data loss — but that’s only the beginning. 

From there, your team needs consistent, entertaining follow-up education to keep the fire alive. For example, we’ve found short, funny, casual video tips on the latest cyberthreats to be highly effective (once your team takes ownership for their own data, and yours). Then, add lunch workshops on protecting personal devices, incentive programs for safe behavior, and so on. Culture matures by feeding it consistently.

Measurement

If you don’t measure your progress (and actually demonstrate some), no one will fund next year’s training budget. Here are a few questions I ask when facilitating board retreats on cybersecurity: 

  • What are your cybersecurity awareness training KPIs, your key metrics? 
  • How did successful phishing or social engineering attacks decline as a byproduct of your program? 
  • Has user awareness of threats, policy and solutions increased? 
  • How many employees showed up for the Cybersecurity Awareness Month keynote and fair? 
  • Do your events help employees protect their own data as well?
  • How department-specific are your training modules? 

When you can show quantitative progress, you’ll have the backing to continue building your qualitative culture of security.

Over the long term, a culture of security that reinvents itself as cyberthreats evolve will be far less costly than a disastrous cybercrime that lands your company on the front page. National Cybersecurity Awareness Month is a great catalyst to get your organization thinking about its cybersecurity strategy. Now it’s time to take action.

About Cybersecurity Author & Expert John Sileo

John Sileo is an award-winning author and Hall of Fame Speaker who specializes in providing security awareness training that’s as entertaining as it is educational. John energizes conferences, corporate trainings and main-stage events by interacting with the audience throughout his presentations. His clients include the Pentagon, Schwab and organizations of all sizes. John got started in cybersecurity when he lost everything, including his $2 million business, to cybercrime. Since then, he has shared his experiences on 60 Minutes, Anderson Cooper, and even while cooking meatballs with Rachel Ray. Contact John directly to see how he can customize his presentations to your audience.

Deepfakes: When Seeing May Not Be Believing

 

How deepfake videos can undermine our elections, the stock markets and our belief in truth itself

Last weekend, attendees at a conference in Las Vegas got quite a surprise. They were waiting for a presentation by Democratic National Committee Chairman Tom Perez and, instead saw his image on a big screen via Skype. During his brief video appearance, the chairman apologized that he was unable to be there in person. In fact, the voice coming out of Perez’s mouth was DNC’s chief security officer Bob Lord and the audience had just been treated to a deepfake video — video that’s been manipulated to make it look like people say or do things they actually didn’t.

The video was shown in the AI Village at DEFCON — one of the world’s largest hacker conventions — to demonstrate the threat deepfakes pose to the 2020 election and beyond. It was made with the cooperation of the DNC; Artificial Intelligence (AI) experts altered Perez’s face to make it look as if he were apologizing, and Lord supplied his voice. 

Watch carefully as Bill Hader turns into Seth Rogan & Tom Cruise!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VWrhRBb-1Ig’ format=’16-9′ width=’16’ height=’9′ custom_class=” av_uid=’av-mobzww’

[For a CNN video primer on deepfakes, click here.]

Remember when Forrest Gump shook hands and spoke with Presidents Kennedy and Nixon? That was an early example of a deepfake video. More recently, and less innocuous, was a video of House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, altered to make it appear that she was drunk and slurring her words. The video went viral and was viewed more than 3 million times. For some viewers, it confirmed their disdain for Nancy Pelosi; for others, it simply confirmed that they can’t trust the other side of the political spectrum. It’s troubling that neither of these reactions is based in fact.

In the 25 years since Forrest Gump introduced manipulated video, sophisticated AI has been developed to create nearly undetectable deepfakes. Not only has the technology improved, but the nefarious uses have proliferated. Take deepfake porn, where a victim’s face is superimposed on the body of a porn actor. It’s often used as a weapon against women.  Actress Scarlett Johansson, whose face was grafted onto dozens of pornographic scenes using free online AI software, is one famous example, but it happens to ordinary women, too. Just for a second, imagine your daughter or son, husband or wife being targeted by deepfake porn to destroy their reputation or settle an old score. As the technology becomes less expensive and more available, that is what we face.

Until recently, the warnings about deepfakes in the U.S. have focused on political ramifications, most notably their expected use in the 2020 election. Imagine a doctored video of a candidate saying they’re changing their position on gun control, for example. In June, during a House Intelligence Committee hearing on the issue, experts warned that there are multiple risks, including to national security: What if our enemies post a video of President Trump saying he’s just launched nuclear weapons at Russia or North Korea? 

The business community and financial markets may also be targeted. A video of Jeff Bezos warning of low quarterly Amazon results could cause a sell-off of Amazon stock, for instance. Bezos has the platform to quickly respond, but by the time he’s corrected the record, real damage could be done. Similarly, CEOs of lesser-known companies could be targeted, say the night before an IPO or new product launch. 

There’s currently a kind of arms race occurring between those developing deepfake technology and those developing ways to detect the altered videos — and the good guys are losing. 

In an interview with The Washington Post in June, Hany Farid, a computer science professor and digital forensics expert at the University of California at Berkeley said, “We are outgunned. The number of people working on the video-synthesis side, as opposed to the detector side, is 100 to 1.”

Soon, we may all be awash in deepfake video, unable to detect truth from fiction, and this is perhaps the most worrying aspect. We already live in an age where more than half the U.S. population distrusts the media, the government and their neighbors, and belief in conspiracy theories is on the rise. A staggering one in 10 Americans don’t believe we landed on the moon — 18% of the nonbelievers are between the ages of 18 and 34 — and a 2018 poll found that one-third of Americans don’t believe that 6 million Jews were murdered in the Holocaust. That’s to say nothing of the people worldwide who deny the Holocaust ever happened. 

Historically, the best way to refute conspiracy theorists has been video proof. The countless hours of footage of the Allies liberating concentration camps, the 9/11 attacks and that grainy film of Neil Armstrong planting the American flag on the moon couldn’t be denied. Until now. 

In a statement, the House Intelligence Committee said, “Deep fakes raise profound questions about national security and democratic governance, with individuals and voters no longer able to trust their own eyes or ears when assessing the authenticity of what they see on their screens.”

In other words, we’re entering an age when seeing is no longer believing. 

This is all part of a larger movement where technology is used to erode trust, and in the hands of foreign enemies like Russia, it can and will be used to undermine our belief in the free press, in our leadership and in democracy. It is essentially the use of the First Amendment to undermine the First Amendment, and unethical corporations and cyber criminals will hop on board as soon as the AI technology is affordable to the mass market.

So where is the hope in all of this? Unlike our weak regulatory response to the malicious tools that have come before — from viruses to spyware, botnets to ransomware — we must combine comprehensive legislative oversight and control with the ethical use of technology to proactively minimize the problem before it becomes mainstream. Our senators and representatives must take the lead in setting standards for how AI technology, including technology to produce deepfakes, is released, utilized and policed. 

Bruce Schneier’s book, “Click Here to Kill Everybody,” includes an excellent primer on the regulatory framework that would start us down the path. We, as voters, must directly express our concern to congressional leadership and urge them to act before a proliferation of deepfake videos destroys reputations — along with our ability to believe our own eyes.

About Cybersecurity Keynote Speaker John Sileo

John Sileo is an award-winning author and keynote speaker on cybersecurity, identity theft and tech/life balance. He energizes conferences, corporate trainings and main-stage events by making security fun and engaging. His clients include the Pentagon, Schwab and organizations of all sizes. John got started in cybersecurity when he lost everything, including his $2 million business, to cybercrime. Since then, he has shared his experiences on 60 Minutes, Anderson Cooper, and even while cooking meatballs with Rachel Ray. Contact John directly to see how he can customize his presentations to your audience.

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Russian Election Interference Coming to Your Vote in 2020

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What will it take for Americans, especially our politicians, to care about Russian election interference? That’s a question I’ve been asking myself since early 2017, when the NSA, CIA and FBI universally concluded that Russian President Vladimir Putin interfered with the 2016 presidential election. At the time, I wrote a call-to-arms blog post that recommended a thorough bipartisan investigation into Russian election interference and our own cyber infrastructure weaknesses. 

Last month, we finally got the Senate Intelligence Committee report about Russian election meddling in 2016—spoiler alert: they did it—with recommendations on how to protect the nation’s voting infrastructure the next time around. But to some degree, it’s too late. With only a year before the election, it will be almost impossible to make the cybersecurity and social media changes necessary to protect the integrity of the election. Even if our government engaged in an all-out defensive strategy for the four years between elections, it still might not be enough. The bad guys always seem to be one step ahead, but that’s only because of our general refusal to do what it takes to protect our systems.

In any event, so far the only all-out defensive strategy we’ve seen has been against efforts to protect the 2020 election from Russian interference. While Putin and his cohorts are dancing through the halls of the Kremlin, President Trump and the Republicans are sitting on their hands.

Trump’s refusal to back intelligence reports about Russia’s election hacking and influence campaigns—and his administration’s delay in taking action—are within months of guaranteeing that we won’t be able to stop tampering in 2020. Meanwhile, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell continues to block bills aimed at making the polls more secure—further ensuring that our election will be compromised once again.

And that’s precisely the point.

Why Does the White House Turn a Blind Eye to Russian Election Interference?

Both Trump and McConnell know that Russian meddling will benefit them in 2020 (it’s a safe bet that Putin doesn’t want a more confrontational president than Trump back in office), but they are missing the bigger picture. 

Yes, Putin’s Russia helped elect Trump, but that wasn’t the primary goal: handing Trump a win was just icing on the cake. Putin’s goal was and is to destabilize American democracy. If we are focused on our own crises, we pay less attention to his encroachment into the Ukraine, Crimea and other nations. It doesn’t hurt that Putin’s machinations demonstrate to the world that democracy—particularly American democracy—is not as viable as autocracy, thus strengthening his power. 

Putin is a chess player, and his chess board end-state looks more like the USSR than Russia. 

To his delight, we are mere pawns in his game. Trump—who plays into Putin’s hands perfectly because of his distrust of American institutions, including his own intelligence agencies—is his queen and McConnell his devoted bishop. 

I agree with other experts that Russia’s pre-2016 hacking of election systems in all 50 states was mostly reconnaissance for a larger campaign. They were testing the waters with this and with their Facebook influence campaigns. But I don’t think their ultimate goal is to alter votes. It’s far less work and expense to simply create the perception that they’ve altered votes or manipulated any other outcome that undermines the credibility of democracy. Again, the end game is one of destabilization, of creating doubt in the minds of Americans so we don’t know who we can trust. 

Our system of state-controlled voting for national elections makes a mass hack more difficult, but altering the voting rolls is something the average teenage hacker could probably pull off. What if next time, a hacker decides to remove hundreds of thousands of white men from Mitch McConnell’s available voters, or if Facebook influence campaigns target Trump loyalists with false claims that he wants to pass gun-control legislation?

What I fear most is that we Americans, fatigued by political arm wrestling for the past three years, are going to stand complacently by as the influence campaigns and election tampering take place, and that our government has no incentive to stop it because the tampering benefits them. This time.

About Cybersecurity Keynote Speaker John Sileo

John Sileo is an award-winning author and keynote speaker on cybersecurity, identity theft and tech/life balance. He energizes conferences, corporate trainings and main-stage events by making security fun and engaging. His clients include the Pentagon, Schwab and organizations of all sizes. John got started in cybersecurity when he lost everything, including his $2 million business, to cybercrime. Since then, he has shared his experiences on 60 Minutes, Anderson Cooper, and even while cooking meatballs with Rachel Ray. Contact John directly to see how he can customize his presentations to your audience.

 

Just Wait for the Cavity: Dental Cyber Security

Dental Cyber Security is kind of like, well, being a dentist. You’re in your patient’s mouth. The red flags are clear as day: calculus buildup going back to pre-fluoride Woodstock days. Severe dentin erosion, onset of gingivitis, gums retreating like Arctic glaciers. But there is no actual decay yet. No cavities to drill or crowns to fill, no stains to cap or roots to tap. Absolutely. Nothing. Profitable!

So what do you tell the patient? That’s easy…

“Looks good! Come see me when that molar finally cracks.”

Of course that’s not what you say, but that is roughly how it sounds to me when a practice director tells me that they invest minimally in ongoing preventative cyber security because nothing truly bad has happened yet with their practice data. In other words, Just Wait for the Cybercrime Cavity and spend ten times as much recovering.

But I would never advise you to wait for the cyber decay, and you would never advise your patients to hold off on brushing, flossing and regular dental checkups. Nor should you wait to implement regular dental cyber security. We are both in the prevention business and we are building long-term relationships that have a great LTV. There are enough patients to keep us both in business with bad hygiene, so we can focus on doing our job well and stopping the problem before it takes root. That preventative mindset will save you approximately $380 per patient record, which is the average cost of breach recovery in the health industry (excluding reputation damage and customer attrition).

Here are what I consider to be the 5 Most Pressing Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities in Dentistry:

  1. Outdated operating systems (Windows XP/2000) and unpatched operating systems, software and apps
  2. Weak spam filtration and barely-existent employee training that leads to email-based phishing attacks
  3. Poor data backup and recovery planning that allows ransomware to lock and destroy patient and financial data
  4. Lack of solid encryption on data at rest (on servers), in transit (to patients, vendors) and in the cloud (practiced management software) that allows easy access to hackers
  5. Credential hacking of cloud data due to lack of 2-factor authentication and password managers

When your practice begins to protect patient data in the same way that you ask patients to protect the health of their mouth, you have just discovered a critical competitive advantage for patient acquisition and retention. Your patients want to know that their data is safe in your hands. Here are some additional resources to help you take the next steps in protecting your practice data:

What are the greatest gaps you see in Security Awareness Programs? Please share your brilliance below.

John Sileo loves his role as an “energizer” for cyber security at conferences, corporate trainings and in industry study clubs. He specializes in making security fun, so that it sticks. His clients include the Seattle Study Club, the Pentagon, Schwab and many organizations so small (and security conscious) that you won’t have even heard of them. John has been featured on 60 Minutes, recently cooked meatballs with Rachel Ray and got started in cyber security when he lost everything, including his $2 million software business, to cybercrime. Call if you would like to bring John to speak to your members – 303.777.3221.

Security Awareness Programs Like Mushy Overnight Oats?

To diagnose your under-performing cyber security awareness programs, all you need to do is look at my breakfast today. My daughter introduced me to overnight oats. “It’s the perfect breakfast, Dad – full of energy, takes no time at all, packed with simple, healthy ingredients like oatmeal, almond milk and peanut butter”, she said. “That’s what I need!”, I said, “All of the power with none of the fuss”. So I took her recipe and promptly ignored it. I added cottage cheese, chia and some lemon – because if it was already good, I was going to  make it even better.

What I got was curdled mush that crawled out of the bowl like John Cusack’s dinner in Better off Dead. The theory of overnight oats was brilliant. It was my execution that made me gag.

Many security awareness programs choke on their own ingredients because, like my overnight oats, they don’t follow a recipe when they plan the program. The have no overarching security “end” in mind at the beginning, to paraphrase Stephen Covey. Empowering the human element of cyber security is the cultural ingredient that many organizations overlook. Think about tweaking your recipe a bit to make it more than palatable.

A Recipe for Effective Security Awareness Programs

One byproduct of serving as the opening keynote speaker for hundreds of security awareness programs around the world (in addition to the bottomless pit of mileage points I’ve earned), is that I have dined amidst training programs, OVER and OVER again, that leave me hungering for more substance and lots more flavor. Here is my simple recipe for a filling, enjoyable and effective Security Awareness Program:

Ingredients (For a Culture of Security that Cooks):

  • (1-3) C-Level Executive(s) who “Believe” (Ownership)
  • (1) Cross-Functional Business Case w/ Compelling ROI (Strategy)
  • High-Engagement Content Rooted in Personal Security (Methodology)
  • (6-12) Regular, Engaging Follow-on “Snacks” (Sustenance)
  • (1) Feedback Dashboard to Measure “Diner” Response (Metrics)

Ownership. Failing to have a highly-communicative Chief Executive leading your initiative is like expecting a 3-Star Michelin rating from a fast-food cook. You must have high-level “buy-in” for your program to work. I’m not talking about the CISO, CRO, CIO or CTO here – that would just be preaching to the choir. The missing cook in awareness programs tends to be a security “believer” from the executive team. Successful security awareness programs are clearly led, repeatedly broadcast and constantly emphasized from the top of the organization, all with an attitude of authenticity and immediacy. Whether served up by your CEO at an annual gathering or by your Board of Directors to kick off National Cyber Security Awareness Month, your security champion must become an evangelist for defending your data.

Strategy. Don’t expect to randomly add security ingredients to the bowl and blindly hope they mix well together. You’ll just end up with curdled oatmeal. Approach your program strategically, and devise a recipe to protect your intellectual property, critical data and return on information assets. You are competing for resources, so build a compelling business case that demonstrates the organization’s ROI in business terms, not buried in techno-babble. What did it cost your competitor when ransomware froze their operation for a week? How much would the training have cost to avoid the CEO whaling scheme that lost a similar-sized company $47 million? What do the owners of  compliance, HR and I.T. have to add to the meal? The most successful security awareness programs have a budget, a staff (however small) and cross-departmental support. Involve the business team and other stakeholders up front to leverage their expertise before rollout.

Methodology. Here is a litmus test for the potential effectiveness of your security awareness program: Does it begin by focusing on the critical information assets and devices inside of your organization? If so, it’s probably doomed. Why? Because your employees are human beings and they want to know how this affects them personally before they willingly invest time to protect the corporate coffers. Excellent security awareness kicks off by making data protection personal – by building ownership before education. From there, the training must be engaging (dare I say fun!?) and interactive (live social-engineering) so that your audience members pay attention and apply what they learn. Death-By-PowerPoint slides will permanently put behavioral change to sleep. Highly-effective programs build a foundational security reflex (proactive skepticism), and are interesting enough to compete against cute puppy videos, smartphone farm games and our undying desire for a conference-room cat nap.

Sustenance. Best practice security awareness training, like a five-course meal, doesn’t end with the appetizer. Yes, kickoff is best achieved with a high-energy, personally relevant, in-person presentation that communicates the emotional and financial consequences of data loss. But that is only the beginning of the meal. From there, your team needs consistent, entertaining follow-up education to keep the fire alive. For example, we have found short, funny, casual video tips on the latest cyber threats to be highly effective. And lunch workshops on protecting personal devices. And incentive programs for safe behavior. And so on. Culture matures by feeding it consistently.

Measurement.If you don’t measure your progress (and actually demonstrate some), no one will fund next year’s dining budget. What are your Security Awareness Training KPIs, your key metrics? How did successful phishing attacks decline as a byproduct of your program? Has user awareness of threats, policy and solutions increased? How many employees showed up for the Cyber Security Awareness Month keynote and fair? How department-specific are your training modules – or does one size fit all? When you can show quantitative progress, you will have the backing to continue building your qualitative culture of security.

And now, back to the meal. In spite of the lemon juice that further curdled the cottage cheese and ruined my oats, I was still hungry, so I ended up choking them down, vowing to listen to my daughter next time. And I hope you will listen to me this time: Approach your security awareness program like you are planning a feast for guests who matter a great deal to you. Because your uneducated employees, unprotected customer data, and invaluable intellectual capital are exactly what cybercriminals are eating for breakfast.

What are the greatest gaps you see in Security Awareness Programs? Please share your brilliance below.

John Sileo loves his role as a keynote “energizer” for Cyber Security Awareness Programs. He specializes in making security fun, so that it sticks. His clients include the Pentagon, Schwab and some organizations so small (and security conscious) that you won’t have even heard of them. John has been featured on 60 Minutes, recently cooked meatballs with Rachel Ray and got started in cyber security when he lost everything, including his $2 million software business, to cybercrime.